Never Published, Never Registered Works2
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Type of Work
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Copyright Term
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What was in the public domain in the U.S. as of 1 January 20143
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Unpublished works
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Life of the author + 70 years
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Works from authors who died before 1944
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Unpublished anonymous and pseudonymous works, and works made for hire (corporate authorship)
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120 years from date of creation
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Works created before 1894
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Unpublished works when the death date of the author is not known4
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120 years from date of creation5
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Works created before 18945
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Works Registered or First Published in the U.S.
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Before 1923
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None
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None. In the public domain due to copyright expiration
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1923 through 1977
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Published without a copyright notice
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None. In the public domain due to failure to comply with required formalities
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1978 to 1 March 1989
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Published without notice, and without subsequent registration within 5 years
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None. In the public domain due to failure to comply with required formalities
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1978 to 1 March 1989
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Published without notice, but with subsequent registration within 5 years
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70 years after the death of author. If a work of corporate authorship, 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first
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1923 through 1963
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Published with notice but copyright was not renewed8
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None. In the public domain due to copyright expiration
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1923 through 1963
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Published with notice and the copyright was renewed8
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95 years after publication date
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1964 through 1977
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Published with notice
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95 years after publication date
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1978 to 1 March 1989
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Created after 1977 and published with notice
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70 years after the death of author. If a work of corporate authorship, 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first
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1978 to 1 March 1989
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Created before 1978 and first published with notice in the specified period
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The greater of the term specified in the previous entry or 31 December 2047
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From 1 March 1989 through 2002
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Created after 1977
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70 years after the death of author. If a work of corporate authorship, 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first
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From 1 March 1989 through 2002
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Created before 1978 and first published in this period
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The greater of the term specified in the previous entry or 31 December 2047
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After 2002
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None
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70 years after the death of author. If a work of corporate authorship, 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever expires first
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Anytime
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Works prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties. 21
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Works First Published Outside the U.S. by Foreign Nationals or U.S. Citizens Living Abroad9
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Date of Publication
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Conditions
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Copyright Term in the United States
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Before 1923
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None
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In the public domain (But see first special case below)
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Works Published Abroad Before 197810
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1923 through 1977
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Published without compliance with US formalities, and in the public domain in its source country as of 1 January 1996 (but see special cases) 20
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In the public domain
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1923 through 1977
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Published in compliance with all US formalities (i.e., notice, renewal)11
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95 years after publication date
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1923 through 1977
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Solely published abroad, without compliance with US formalities or republication in the US, and not in the public domain in its home country as of 1 January 1996 (but see special cases)
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95 years after publication date
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1923 through 1977
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Published in the US less than 30 days after publication abroad
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Use the US publication chart to determine duration
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1923 through 1977
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Published in the US more than 30 days after publication abroad, without compliance with US formalities, and not in the public domain in its home country as of 1 January 1996 (but see special cases)
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95 years after publication date
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Works Published Abroad After 1 January 1978
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1 January 1978 - 1 March 1989
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Published without copyright notice, and in the public domain in its source country as of 1 January 1996 (but see special cases)20
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In the public domain
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1 January 1978 - 1 March 1989
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Published without copyright notice in a country that is a signatory to the Berne Convention and is not in the public domain in its source country as of 1 January 1996 (but see special cases) 20
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70 years after the death of author, or if work of corporate authorship, 95 years from publication
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1 January 1978 - 1 March 1989
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Published with copyright notice by a non-US citizen in a country that was party to the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC)
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70 years after the death of author, or if work of corporate authorship, 95 years from publication
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After 1 March 1989
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Published in a country that is a signatory to the Berne Convention
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70 years after the death of author, or if work of corporate authorship, 95 years from publication
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After 1 March 1989
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Published in a country with which the United States does not have copyright relations under a treaty
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In the public domain
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Special Cases
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1 July 1909 through 1978
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In Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands ONLY. Published in a language other than English, and without subsequent republication with a copyright notice12
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Treat as an unpublished work until such date as first
US-compliant publication occurred
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Prior to 27 May 1973
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Published by a national of Turkmenistan or Uzbekistan in either country19
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In the public domain
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After 26 May 1973
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Published by a national of Turkmenistan or Uzbekistan in either country19
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May be protected under the UCC
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Anytime
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Created by a resident of Afghanistan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, or San Marino, and published in one of these countries13
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Not protected by US copyright law until they become party to bilateral or international copyright agreements
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Anytime
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Works whose copyright was once owned or administered by the Alien Property Custodian, and whose copyright, if restored, would as of January 1, 1996, be owned by a government14
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Not protected by US copyright law
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Anytime
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If published in one of the following countries, the 1 January 1996 date given above is replaced by the date of the country's membership in the Berne Convention or the World Trade Organization, whichever is earlier:
Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Bhutan, Cambodia, Comoros, Jordan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Micronesia, Montenegro, Nepal, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tonga, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen
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